Istanbul,
Istanbul, (به ترکی استانبولی: İstanbul) بزرگ ترین و پر جمعیت ترین شهر در کشور ترکیه و مرکز فرهنگی و اقتصادی این کشور است. جمعیت این شهر در آمار سال ۲۰۱۸ حدود ۱۵٬۰۶۷٬۷۲۴ نفر گزارش شده است. استانبول دومین کلان شهر بزرگ خاورمیانه پس از قاهره محسوب می‌شود. همچنین این شهر بزرگترین کلان شهر اروپا می‌باشد. این شهر در کنار تنگه بسفر، دریای مرمره و دریای سیاه قرار دارد. تنگه بسفر دو قارهٔ آسیا و اروپا را از یکدیگر جدا میکند و استانبول تنها شهر بزرگ جهان است که در دو قارهٔ جهان گسترده شده است. بندر طبیعی شاخ طلایی یا خلیج در این شهر واقع است.
این کلان شهر به عنوان پایتخت فرهنگ اروپا در سال ۲۰۱۰ انتخاب شد. همچنین از لحاظ تعداد گردشگران خارجی سومین شهر توریستی جهان در ۲۰۱۰ به شمار می رفت.
بسیاری از کشور ها از جمله ایران در این شهر دارای کنسولگری هستند.
Geography
Istanbul is located in north-western Turkey and straddles the strait Bosporus, which provides the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean via the Sea of Marmara. Historically, the city has been ideally situated for trade and defense: The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Golden Horn provide both ideal defense against enemy attack and a natural toll-gate. Several picturesque islands Büyükada, Heybeliada, Burgazada, Kınalıada, and five smaller islands—are part of the city. Istanbul's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Large sections of Caddebostan sit on areas of landfill, increasing the total area of the city to 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi).
استانبول در ساحل دریای مرمره قرار دارد و تنگه بسفر که این دریا را به دریای سیاه متصل میکند، از وسط این شهر می گذرد. بخش غربی شهر در قاره اروپا (شبه جزیره تراکیه) و بخش شرقی آن در آسیا (شبه جزیره آناتولی) واقع است. وسعت شهر استانبول ۱۵۳۹ کیلومترمربع است.
Climate
تابستان‌های گرم و مرطوب و زمستان های سرد، بارانی و برفی ویژگی آب و هوای استانبول است. میزان بارش سالیانه استانبول به طور میانگین ۸۷۰ میلی‌متر است. میزان رطوبت نیز اغلب زیاد است.
Because of its hilly topography and maritime influences, Istanbul exhibits a multitude of distinct microclimates. Within the city, rainfall varies widely owing to the rain shadow of the hills in Istanbul, from around 600 millimeters (24 in) on the southern fringe at Florya to 1,200 millimeters (47 in) on the northern fringe at Bahçeköy. Furthermore, while the city itself lies in USDA hardiness zones 9a to 9b, its inland suburbs lie in zone 8b with isolated pockets of zone 8a, restricting the cultivation of cold-hardy subtropical plants to the coasts. As Istanbul is only slightly rain shadowed from Mediterranean storms and is otherwise surrounded by water, it usually receives some amount of precipitation from both Western European and Mediterranean systems. This results in frequent precipitation: the average number of rainy days in the city is 131, and in some parts it may reach up to 152 days. Furthermore, during early and mid-winter, the city's frequency of precipitation is virtually unparalleled in the Mediterranean basin; January averages 20 days of precipitation when counting trace accumulations, 17 when using a 0.1 mm threshold, and 12 when using a 1.0 mm threshold.
The highest recorded temperature at the official downtown observation station in Sarıyer was 41.5 °C (107 °F) and on 13 July 2000. The lowest recorded temperature was −16.1 °C (3 °F) on 9 February 1929.[105] The highest recorded snow cover in the city center was 80 centimeters (31 in) on 4 January 1942, and 104 centimeters (41 in) in the northern suburbs on 11 January 2017.
Districts and neighborhoods
- شبه جزیره تاریخی استانبول قدیمی بخش‌ها و نواحی امین اونو و فاتح را در بر می گیرد. این مناطق در سواحل شمالی شاخ طلایی (خلیج) واقع شده‌اند که مرکز قدیمی شهر را از قسمتهای شمالی و جوان تر سمت اروپایی جدا و متمرکز میکند. شبه جزیره تاریخی با دیواره‌های قسطنطنیه در غرب به انتها می رسد. شبه جزیره توسط دریای مرمره در جنوب و بسفر در شرق احاطه شده است.
- Asian side During the Ottoman period, Üsküdar (then Scutari) and Kadıköy were outside the scope of the urban area, serving as tranquil outposts with seaside yalıs and gardens. But in the second half of the 20th century, the Asian side experienced major urban growth; the late development of this part of the city led to better infrastructure and tidier urban planning when compared with most other residential areas in the city. Much of the Asian side of the Bosporus functions as a suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul, accounting for a third of the city's population but only a quarter of its employment. However, Kozyatağı–Ataşehir, Altunizade, Kavacık and Ümraniye, all together having around 1.4 million sqm of class-A office space) are now important "edge cities", i.e. corridors and nodes of business and shopping centers and of tall residential buildings . Expansion As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of gecekondus (literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. At present, some gecekondu areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds. Moreover, large scale gentrification and urban renewal projects have been taking place,[ such as the one in Tarlabaşı; some of these projects, like the one in Sulukule, have faced criticism. The Turkish government also has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with the new Istanbul Airport, opened in 2019; the new parts of the city will include four different settlements with specified urban functions, housing 1.5 million people.
- مناطق اوسکودار (Üsküdar) و کادیکوی (Kadıköy) که در سمت آسیایی قرار گرفته اند، در واقع شهرهای مستقلی هستند و امروزه مناطق تجاری و مسکونی مدرنی در آن ها ایجاد شده و حدود یک سوم از جمعیت استانبول در خود جای داده است.
Another park, Fethi Paşa Korusu, is on a hillside adjacent to the Bosphorus Bridge in Anatolia, opposite Yıldız Palace in Europe. Along the European side, and close to the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, is Emirgan Park, which was known as the Kyparades (Cypress Forest) during the Byzantine period. In the Ottoman period, it was first granted to Nişancı Feridun Ahmed Bey in the 16th century, before being granted by Sultan Murad IV to the Safavid Emir Gûne Han in the 17th century, hence the name Emirgan. The 47-hectare (120-acre) park was later owned by Khedive Ismail Pasha of Ottoman Egypt and Sudan in the 19th century. Emirgan Park is known for its diversity of plants and an annual tulip festival is held there since 2005. The AKP government's decision to replace Taksim Gezi Park with a replica of the Ottoman era Taksim Military Barracks (which was transformed into the Taksim Stadium in 1921, before being demolished in 1940 for building Gezi Park) sparked a series of nationwide protests in 2013 covering a wide range of issues. Popular during the summer among Istanbulites is Belgrad Forest, spreading across 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) at the northern edge of the city. The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times survive
Leisure and entertainment
Abdi İpekçi Street in Nişantaşı, Galataport Shopping Area in Karaköy and Bağdat Avenue on the Anatolian side of the city have evolved into high-end shopping districts. Other focal points for shopping, leisure and entertainment include Nişantaşı, Ortaköy, Bebek and Kadıköy. The city has numerous shopping centers, from the historic to the modern. Istanbul also has an active nightlife and historic taverns, a signature characteristic of the city for centuries, if not millennia.
The Grand Bazaar, in operation since 1461, is among the world's oldest and largest covered markets. Mahmutpasha Bazaar is an open-air market extending between the Grand Bazaar and the Spice Bazaar, which has been Istanbul's major spice market since 1660.
Galleria Ataköy ushered in the age of modern shopping malls in Turkey when it opened in 1987. Since then, malls have become major shopping centers outside the historic peninsula. Akmerkez was awarded the titles of "Europe's best" and "World's best" shopping mall by the International Council of Shopping Centers in 1995 and 1996; Istanbul Cevahir has been one of the continent's largest since opening in 2005; and Kanyon won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category in 2006. Zorlu Center and İstinye Park are among the other upscale malls in Istanbul which include the stores of the world's top fashion brands.
در طول فستیوال های فصلی ارکسترهای مشهور دنیا، آوازهای دسته جمعی و گروهی، کنسرت ها و اثرات جاز در بیشتر مواقع می توانند در یک خانه کامل هم اجرا شوند. نمایش ها در گروهی از مکان ها مانند بخش های تاریخی مانند حاجی ایرن، برج روملی حصاری، یدیکول، حیاط محله توپ خانه و پارک گلانه به خوبی مرکز فرهنگی آتاترک، سالن کنسرت جمال رشید ری و سالن‌های مدرن و جدید تئاتر و دیگر فضاهای آزاد برگزار می‌شود. برای مواردی مثل زندگی شبانه، تعدادی از باشگاه های ورزشی، دیسکوها، بارها (مشروب فروشی ها)، چادرهای صحرایی، نمایشگاه ها و رستوران ها با موزیک همراه هستند. تعداد کلوپ ها رستوران ها و دیکسو ها افزایش یافته و به محل های فضای باز در تابستان منتقل می شوند.
Istanbul is known for its historic seafood restaurants. Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosporus (particularly in neighborhoods like Ortaköy, Bebek, Arnavutköy, Yeniköy, Beylerbeyi and Çengelköy). Kumkapı along the Sea of Marmara has a pedestrian zone that hosts around fifty fish restaurants. The Princes' Islands, 15 kilometers (9 mi) from the city center, are also popular for their seafood restaurants. Because of their restaurants, historic summer mansions, and tranquil, car-free streets, the Prince Islands are a popular vacation destination among Istanbulites and foreign tourists. Istanbul is also famous for its sophisticated and elaborately-cooked dishes of the Ottoman cuisine. Following the influx of immigrants from southeastern and eastern Turkey, which began in the 1960s, the city's foodscape has drastically changed by the end of the century; with influences of Middle Eastern cuisine such as kebab taking an important place in the food scene. Restaurants featuring foreign cuisines are mainly concentrated in the Beyoğlu, Beşiktaş, Şişli and Kadıköy districts. Apart from the city's numerous stadiums, sports halls and concert halls, there are several open-air venues for concerts and festivals, such as the Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre in Harbiye, Paraf Kuruçeşme Open-Air on the Bosphorus shore in Kuruçeşme, and Parkorman in the forest of Maslak. The annual Istanbul Jazz Festival has been held every year since 1994. Organized between 2003 and 2013, Rock'n Coke was the biggest open-air rock festival in Turkey, sponsored by Coca-Cola. It was traditionally held at the Hezarfen Airfield in Istanbul. Expansion As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of gecekondus (literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. At present, some gecekondu areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds. Moreover, large scale gentrification and urban renewal projects have been taking place,[ such as the one in Tarlabaşı; some of these projects, like the one in Sulukule, have faced criticism.The Istanbul International Music Festival has been held annually since 1973, and the International Istanbul Film Festival has been held annually since 1982.
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بیشتر مکان های عمومی برای شنا کردن در شهر در باکرکوی (Bakırköy)، کوچوک چِکمِجه (Küçükçekmece) ساریَر (sarıyer) و تنگه بوآز (Boğaz) یا جزایر استانبول می باشند. در بیرون شهر نیز جزایر پرنس (Prens Adaları) دریای مرمر، سیلیوری (Silivri) توزلا (Tuzla) و شیله (Şile) در دریای سیاه وجود دارند که دارای مناظر زیبا و طبیعتی بکر هستند. جزایر پرَنس (Prens Adaları) گروهی از جزایر دریای مرمر، در جنوب کارتال (Kartal) و پَندیک (Pendik) هستند. کاج و سبک نئوکلاسیک کاج سنگی (چوبی) و هنر عصر جدید روش عمارت های بزرگ تابستانی عصر عثمانی از قرن های نوزدهم و بیستم، کالسکه های اسبی (وسایل نقلیه موتوری مجاز به ورود نیستند) برای رفتن به این جزیره ها می‌توان از قایق ها و اتوبوس های دریایی پر سرعت که از ایستگاه های متعدد واقع در قسمتهای مختلف شهر پراکنده هستند مانند امینونو و کارتال استفاده کرد. ۹ جزیره، در ۴ منطقه قرار گرفته‌اند که بزرگترین آنها بویوک آدا است.
Since 2015, all types of parades at Taksim Square and İstiklal Avenue (where, in 2013, the Gezi Park protests took place) have been denied permission by the AKP government, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year.
علاوه بر این مراکز خرید سنتی، مراکز خرید بزرگ و مدرنی نیز در استانبول ساخته شده‌اند، به عنوان مثال مرکز خرید جواهر که در سال ۲۰۰۵ و در منطقه شیشلی افتتاح شده‌است و یا مرکز خرید ایستینیه پارک İstinye Park که در سال ۲۰۰۷ افتتاح شده اشاره کرد که در آن بزرگترین برندهای لاکچری دنیا شعبه دارند. در خیابان ها و کوچه پس کوچه های استانبول نیز انواع رستوران ها و کافه ها برای هر سلیقه ای وجود دارد. اما اکثر رستورانهایی که در آنها غذاهای بین المللی سرو می‌کنند در مناطق بی اغلو، بشیکتاش، شیشلی و کادیکوی قرار دارند.
یکی از معروف‌ترین خیابان های استانبول، خیابان استقلال ISTIKLAL می باشد که در قسمت جنوبی میدان تکسیم قرار گرفته است و در آن انواع فروشگاه ها با برندهای بین المللی و ترک، رستوران ها و کلاب های متنوعی وجود دارد و یکی از تفریحات گردشگران در استانبول، قدم زدن در این خیابان و صرف غذا و نوشیدنی در رستوران ها و کافه های آن می باشد.
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